کد خبر : 137750
تاریخ انتشار : سه‌شنبه 15 مارس 2022 - 19:22

شرایط پیچیده قضایی برای جنگجویان خارجی در اوکراین

شرایط پیچیده قضایی برای جنگجویان خارجی در اوکراین

این روزها در خبرها زیاد می شنویم که جنگجویانی از سراسر جهان برای کمک به ارتش اوکراین به این کشور می روند. جنگجویانی که اغلب از نظامیان سابق در کشورهای خود هستند. بسیاری از این جنگجویان به جز خطر جنگ در اوکراین، خطر محکومیت قضایی در زمان بازگشت به کشورهایشان را هم به جان می

این روزها در خبرها زیاد می شنویم که جنگجویانی از سراسر جهان برای کمک به ارتش اوکراین به این کشور می روند.

جنگجویانی که اغلب از نظامیان سابق در کشورهای خود هستند. بسیاری از این جنگجویان به جز خطر جنگ در اوکراین، خطر محکومیت قضایی در زمان بازگشت به کشورهایشان را هم به جان می خرند.

تا امروز گزارش شده است که شهروندانی از کانادا، گرجستان، هند، ژاپن، بریتانیا و ایالات متحده در میان داوطلبان جنگ به کشور اوکراین رفته اند.

در زیر خلاصه ای از برخی از قوانین حاکم بر خارجی هایی که برای کمک به ارتش اوکراین ثبت نام می کنند، آورده شده است.

آمریکایی‌ها

در مورد جنگجویان و نظامیان داوطلب آمریکایی مساله کمی پیچیده است.

در وب سایت وزارت امور خارجه ایالات متحده آمده است که «شهروندان این کشور از خدمت در ارتش کشورهای دیگر منع نمی شوند. درصورتی که این خدمت برای ارتش کشوری باشد که با آمریکا متحد و با این کشور در صلح است.»

با این حال در برخی از قوانین دیوان عالی این کشور آمده است که خدمت نظامی شهروندان آمریکایی در دیگر کشورها می‌تواند بهانه ای برای سلب تابعیت آنها قرارگیرد.

قانون دیگری هم در متن قانون اساسی این کشور وجود دارد معروف به «قانون بی طرفی». طبق این قانون «‌آمریکایی هایی که متعهد به حمله نظامی علیه کشوری می شوند که با ایالات متحده در صلح قراردارد، می توانند حکم ۳ سال زندان دریافت کنند.» البته هیچگاه دستگاه قضایی ایالات متحده این قانون که در سال ۱۷۹۴ درج شده را اجرایی نکرده است.

با این حال این قانون می تواند شامل شهروندانی شود که علیه روسیه، که در حال حاضر با آمریکا در صلح است، دست به اسلحه می برند و می جنگند.

بریتانیا واسترالیا

بریتانیا و قوانین این کشور درباره شهروندان این کشور که برای یک نیروی خارجی می جنگند نیز می تواند برای این جنگجویان در زمان بازگشت به خانه دردسر درست کند.

وزارت خارجه بریتانیا «احتمال پیگرد قانونی علیه شهروندان جنگجو برای کشور ثالث را رد نکرده است.» اما به نظر می رسد بیشتر دستگاه قضایی این کشور درباره این شهروندان بصورت موردی تصمیم گیری می کند. وزیر خارجه بریتانیا در ابتدا از حضور شهروندان داوطلب برای جنگ در اوکراین حمایت کرد، اما بعداً نسبت به هرگونه سفر به آنجا هشدار داد.

اسکات موریسون، نخست وزیر استرالیا هم ماه گذشته به خبرنگاران گفت که درباره «موقعیت حقوقی» جنگجویان غیرنظامی که با ارتش های دیگر همکاری می کنند «ابهاماتی» وجود دارد. وی از شهروندان کشورش خواست که به نبرد نظامی در اوکراین نپیوندند.

بدون پیگرد قانونی

در برخی دیگر از کشورها از جمله در آلمان و کانادا وضعیت به این پیچیدگی نیست و تکلیف داوطلبان مشخص‌تر است. دولت آلمان بارها گفته است که «داوطلبانی که به جنگ اوکراین ملحق می‌شوند را تحت پیگرد قانونی قرار نخواهد داد».

رهبران دانمارک و لتونی هم تاکید کرده‌اند که به شهروندان خود «اجازه می دهند تا داوطلب این جنگ شوند.»

آنیتا آناند، وزیر دفاع کانادا در پاسخ به خبرنگاران در این باره گفت که «داوطلب شدن کانادایی ها یک تصمیم فردی» است و این داوطلبان در بازگشت تحت پیگرد قضایی قرار نمی گیرند.

وضعیت اسارت جنگجویان خارجی در اوکراین

به گفته حقوقدانان، «قوانین بین المللی نیروهای روسی را ملزم می کند که با جنگجویان خارجی بدون توجه به ملیت آنها به عنوان اسیر جنگی رفتار کنند.»

این بدان معناست که سربازان روسی باید به جنگجویان غیراوکراینی که اسیر شده‌اند «غذا و آب داده و درمان پزشکی» در اختیار آنها قرار دهند.

با این حال، یک سخنگوی وزارت دفاع روسیه هفته گذشته گفت با «مزدوران غربی که برای اوکراین می جنگند به عنوان جنگجویان قانونی رفتار نخواهند شد و با پیگرد کیفری یا بدتر از آن مواجه خواهند شد.»

آیا داوطلبان جنگ در اوکراین تحت تعقیب قرار می‌گیرند؟

کارشناسان می‌گویند از آنجایی که داوطلبان به عنوان اعضای ارتش اوکراین می جنگند، بعید است در کشور خودشان به دلیل اقدامات خاص شان در جنگ با اتهاماتی روبرو شوند مگر این که مرتکب جنایت جنگی یا عمل مشابه شده باشند که در آن صورت تحت تعقیب قضایی قرار می‌گیرند.

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