کد خبر : 144133
تاریخ انتشار : جمعه 24 ژوئن 2022 - 20:22

چرا خونسردان پیر نمی‌شوند؟

چرا خونسردان پیر نمی‌شوند؟

یک مطالعه جدید نشان می‌دهد که خزندگان و دوزیستان و بطور کلی جانوران خونسرد عمر طولانی‌تری نسبت به بقیه جانوران دارند و این موضوع با اندازه جثه‌شان ارتباط مستقیمی دارد. یک تیم بین المللی متشکل از ۱۱۴ محقق، طول عمر و روند پیری ۷۷ گونه از خزندگان و دوزیستان را در حیات وحش به طورعمیق

یک مطالعه جدید نشان می‌دهد که خزندگان و دوزیستان و بطور کلی جانوران خونسرد عمر طولانی‌تری نسبت به بقیه جانوران دارند و این موضوع با اندازه جثه‌شان ارتباط مستقیمی دارد.

یک تیم بین المللی متشکل از ۱۱۴ محقق، طول عمر و روند پیری ۷۷ گونه از خزندگان و دوزیستان را در حیات وحش به طورعمیق مورد مطالعه قرار داده‌اند. این نتایج که روز پنجشنبه  ۲۳ ژوئن در مجله Science منتشر شده  نشان می‌دهد که برخی از این حیوانات آهسته‌تر پیر می‌شوند یا حتی اصلاً پیر نمی‌شوند.

بر اساس رکوردهای جهانی گینس، جاناتان، لاکپشت غول‌پیکر با ۱۹۰ سال سن، پیرترین حیوان زنده روی زمین لقب گرفته است. اینکه این عنوان به یک لاک پشت می رسد دیگر کسی را شگفت زده نمی کند. با این حال، عمر طولانی خزندگان تا همین اواخر نسبتاً ضعیف شناخته شده بود.

از ۳۰ گونه مهره دار شناخته شده‌ای که می‌توانند پس از ۱۰۰ سال زنده بمانند، ۲۶ مورد از آنها حیوانات اکتوترمی هستند که معمولا به عنوان یک جانور «خون سرد» شناخته می‌شوند. بدین معنی که نمی‌توانند حرارت بدن خود را تنظیم کند بنابراین دمای بدن آن طبق محیط اطرافش تغییر می‌کند.

در این مطالعه نشان داده شده که ارتباط بین صفات فیزیکی یا شیمیایی از گونه‌های مختلف جانوری محافظت می‌کند و چه بسا روند پیری را کندتر می‌کند.

از سوی دیگر، محققان دریافتند حیواناتی که دارای محافظ  هستند؛ مانند خار، کاراپاس و پوسته سخت یا زهر، پیری  کندتر و طول عمر بیشتری دارند. چرا که آنها معمولاً به راحتی شکار نمی‌شوند. با این حال، این مزیت به این معنا نیست که این جانوران جاودانه هستند؛ هیچ کس از تصادف یا بیماری مصون نیست.

ویژگی‌های فیزیکی که از گونه‌های مختلف محافظت می‌کردند نیز با طول عمر بیشتر مرتبط بودند. در واقع فنوتیپ‌های مختلفی که شامل خصوصیات قابل مشاهده یا صفت یک جاندار است در این موضوع دخیل است. مانند خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی یا فیزیولوژیکی. فنوتیپ از ژنهای یک ارگانیسم و همچنین تأثیر عوامل زیست‌محیطی و تعامل بین این دو نتیجه می‌شود.

 بث رینک، زیست‌شناس دانشگاه ایلینوی شمالی می‌گوید: «مکانیسم‌های محافظتی مختلف ممکن است میزان مرگ و میر حیوانات را در طول نسل‌ها کاهش دهد. بنابراین، احتمال بیشتری  وجود دارد که برخی عمر طولانی‌تری داشته باشند، و این موضوع می‌تواند چشم‌انداز آینده را برای روند پیری کندتر تغییر دهد.»

گفتن اینکه برخی از گونه‌ها اصلاً پیر نمی‌شوند، شگفت‌انگیز به نظر می‌رسد، به این معنی که خطر مرگ آنها با افزایش سن تغییر نمی کند؛ اگر در۱۰ سالگی ۱٪ در سال باشد، در ۱۰۰ سالگی هنوز ۱٪ است.

این یافته‌ها با برخی نظریه‌های تکامل که ادعا می‌کنند پیری بدن به طور اجتناب ناپذیر پس از بلوغ جنسی ظاهر می‌شود، در تضاد است. گفته می‌شود فرد انرژی بیشتری را برای تولید مثل به ضرر ترمیم سلول‌های خود مصرف می‌کند. رشد او متوقف می شود و روند پیری را تجربه می‌کند. 

این در حالیست که اخیرا برخی از مطالعات نشان داده که موضوع در برخی از گونه‌های جانوری رد شده است. موجوداتی که رشد آنها فراتر از بلوغ جنسی است، مانند لاک‌پشت‌ها در حقیقت می‌توانند آسیب سلولی خود را طی روند بلوغ ترمیم کنند. 

به گفته یکی از نویسندگان این تحقیق، از این موضوع برای گونه‌های انسانی نیز می توان درس گرفت؛ با مطالعه زندگی لاک‌پشت‌ها و تواتاراها ممکن است سرنخ‌هایی در مورد اینکه چگونه انسان‌ها می‌توانند روند پیری را کاهش دهند و طولانی‌تر زندگی کنند، ارائه دهند.

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