کد خبر : 148071
تاریخ انتشار : شنبه 10 سپتامبر 2022 - 20:22

مرگ ملکه الیزابت و یادآوری «دوران تلخ بریتانیای استعمارگر»

مرگ ملکه الیزابت و یادآوری «دوران تلخ بریتانیای استعمارگر»

با مرگ الیزابت دوم، ملکه بریتانیا، بسیاری از سیاستمداران بریتانیا و جهان بیانیه‌هایی در غم از دست دادن او منتشر کردند. لیز تراس، نخست وزیر بریتانیا در سخنرانی خود دقایقی پس از اعلام مرگ ملکه، الیزابت دوم را «صخره محکمی» خواند که «بریتانیا با تکیه بر آن به جایگاه امروز رسیده است.»  وی گفت: بریتانیا

با مرگ الیزابت دوم، ملکه بریتانیا، بسیاری از سیاستمداران بریتانیا و جهان بیانیه‌هایی در غم از دست دادن او منتشر کردند. لیز تراس، نخست وزیر بریتانیا در سخنرانی خود دقایقی پس از اعلام مرگ ملکه، الیزابت دوم را «صخره محکمی» خواند که «بریتانیا با تکیه بر آن به جایگاه امروز رسیده است.»  وی گفت: بریتانیا امروز به «یک کشور بزرگ تبدیل شده که مهم ترین دلیل آن ملکه الیزابت دوم است.» 

بریتانیا امروز با ۳ هزار میلیارد دلار تولید ناخالص داخلی جزء ده اقتصاد برتر دنیا قرار دارد. 

با این حال مورخان می گویند که بخشی از این سرمایه عظیم نتیجه دهه‌ها استعمارگری این کشور در آفریقا، آسیا و قاره آمریکاست. 

در ۲۴ ساعت گذشته به جز همدردی بسیاری از جهانیان با مردم بریتانیا و خانواده سلطنتی، برخی دیگر که در کشورهای مستعمره بریتانیا زندگی کرده و یا زاده شده‌اند، احساسات پیچیده و غالبا نگاه انتقادی به نقش ملکه الیزابت در دوران پسااستعماری دارند. 

سال‌های آخر عمر بریتانیای استعمارگر همزمان شد با دوران حکومت ملکه الیزابت که بخشی از آن با سرکوب شدید شهروندان کشورهایی همراه شد که در برزخ دوران امپراتوری بریتانیا برای استقلال جان دادند. 

 اوجو آنیا، استاد دانشگاه کارنگی ملون یکی از آنهاست. 

او پس از مرگ ملکه الیزابت در توییتی نوشت:‌ «اگر کسی از من انتظار دارد که چیزی جز تحقیر پادشاهی که از نسل‌ کشی حمایت و نیمی از خانواده‌ام را قتل عام و آواره کرد بنویسم سخت در اشتباه است.» 

اوجو آنیا ۴۶ ساله در مصاحبه ای در روز پنجشنبه با شبکه «ان بی سی» گفت که او «فرزند استعمار بریتانیاست.» 

مادرش در ترینیداد و پدرش در نیجریه به دنیا آمدند. آنها در دهه ۵۰ میلادی در انگلستان به عنوان شهروندانی که از مستعمره‌ها می آیند در لندن با هم ملاقات می کنند. این استاد دانشگاه می گوید نه تنها در زمان ملکه الیزابت بسیاری از شهروندان مستعمره های سابق همچنان تحقیر می شدند بلکه همچنان برخی در جزایر دریای کارائیب و آفریقا تحت برده داری مستقیم برده داران بریتانیایی بودند. اوجو آنیا می گوید: «هر چند تمام تقصیرها را نمی توان به گردن ملکه انداخت، اما او هیچ گاه از دولتمردان بریتانیایی نخواست که به سرکوب و کشتار پایان دهند.»

او می گوید که بدلیل سرکوب هایی که خانواده اش در آفریقا در دوران ملکه بریتانیا متحمل شده اند، «خواهران و برادرانش» سال‌هاست که با درد و غم زیادی زندگی می کنند. این استاد دانشگاه می گوید: «از این تصور، که مظلومان و بازماندگان خشونت باید به نحوی به یکی از عوامل آن احترام بگذارند به شدت آزرده می شوم.»

استقلال کنیا پایان دوران استعماری

یکی از کشورهایی که در دوران الیزابت دوم از استعمار بریتانیا رهید، کنیا بود. 

ناآرامی‌ها و شورش‌های حامیان استقلال در این کشور از سال ۱۹۵۲، همزمان با تاجگذاری ملکه بریتانیا، آغاز شد. 

دولت بریتانیا با حمایت ملکه بسیاری از استقلال طلبان را زندانی و شکنجه کرد و برخی نیز جان باختند. کنیا در دسامبر ۱۹۶۳ اعلام استقلال کرد و به این ترتیب دوران «بریتانیای استعمارگر» به‌پایان رسید. با پایان دوران استعمار، بریتانیا با ذکاوت و هوش ملکه تلاش کرد تا برخی از کشورهای استعماری سابق را تحت نام «کشورهای مشترک المنافع» گردهم آورد. کشورهایی که هرچند برخی چون کانادا و استرالیا و نیوزیلند به غول های اقتصادی تبدیل شده اند اما همزمان ملکه و یا پادشاه بریتانیا ریاست کل را هرچند بصورت تشریفاتی بر عهده دارد. انتخاب فرمانداران به پیشنهاد نخست‌ وزیران این کشورها اما با تایید ملکه و یا پادشاه بریتانیا انجام می پذیرد. این کشورها به اصطلاح «قلمروهای همسود بریتانیا» خوانده می‌شوند. جنبش های جمهوری خواهی در این کشورها سال‌هاست که وجود دارد اما آنچنان محبوب و زنده نیست. با این حال جاماییکا یکی از این قلمروهای مشترک المنافع همسود با بریتانیا قصد دارد به جمهوری تبدیل شود و بابت دوران برده داری بریتانیا از این کشور بیش از یک میلیارد دلار طلب کند. 

«ملکه استعمارگر»

در ماه اوت گذشته،  پیش از مرگ ملکه الیزابت دوم، سوگند نمایندگی یک وکیل بومی پارلمان استرالیا بار دیگر دوران استعمار و نقش ملکه بریتانیا را یادآور شد. سناتور پارلمان استرالیا، لیدیا تورپ از حزب چپگرای سبزها، در زمانی که سوگند وکالت مردم استرالیا را می خورد، ملکه الیزابت را «استعمارگر» خواند. پس از آن سخنگوی پارلمان از او خواست بر طبق قوانین دقیقا متن سوگندنامه را بخواند و او هم با کمی تمسخر این کار را کرد اما  کاری که این وکیل پارلمان کرد، بسیار خبرساز شد. عضو سبزهای استرالیا بعدها در مصاحبه با تلویزیون این کشور تاکید کرد که او در سوگندی که خورده تنها و تنها حقیقت را گفته است. به گفته او «الیزابت دوم میراث دار بریتانیایی است که بیش از یک قرن استرالیا را استعمار و بومیان را سرکوب کرد.» 

استرالیا برای بیش از ۱۰۰ سال مستعمره بریتانیا بود، دوره‌ای که در طی آن هزاران بومی استرالیا کشته و عمدتا آواره شدند. این کشور در سال۱۹۰۱ به طور واقعی استقلال یافت، اما هرگز به یک جمهوری کامل تبدیل نشده است. استرالیا یکی از اعضای کشورهای مشترک المنافع است. در سال ۱۹۹۹، استرالیایی‌ها در رای گیری شرکت کردند و با اختلاف رای اندک بین موافقان و مخالفان سلطنت، همچنان ملکه را به عنوان رییس حکومت برسمیت شناختند. 

در حالی که غالب دوران حاکمیت الیزابت دوم در دوران پسااستعماری بریتانیا گذشت، با این حال رفتار دولت بریتانیا با مستعمره‌های پیشین تغییر چندانی پیدا نکرد و همچنان بریتانیا ارتباط زنده‌ای با گذشته استعماری خود برقرار می کرد. میراثی که ریشه در نژادپرستی و خشونت علیه مستعمره‌های آسیایی و آفریقایی بریتانیا داشت. 

در سال‌های اخیر درخواست‌های فزاینده‌ای برای رویارویی سلطنت با گذشته استعماری خود از سوی روشنفکران و مورخان بریتانیایی مطرح شده است. با این حال در دوران حاکمیت ملکه الیزابت شاهد عذرخواهی و یا اعلامیه رسمی در این زمینه نبودیم. باید دید که چارلز سوم، آیا در هفته ها و ماه های آینده سخنانی در این رابطه بیان خواهد کرد یا نه.

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