کد خبر : 136853
تاریخ انتشار : سه‌شنبه 1 مارس 2022 - 3:26

ایمنی رآکتورهای هسته‌ای اوکراین در بحبوحۀ تهاجم روسیه؛ آیا فاجعه در راه است؟

ایمنی رآکتورهای هسته‌ای اوکراین در بحبوحۀ تهاجم روسیه؛ آیا فاجعه در راه است؟

این روزها بسیاری در سراسر جهان رویدادهای اوکراین را با دقت دنبال می‌کنند و در میان بهت و حیرت از حمله نظامی گستردۀ روسیه به همسایه غربی خود، این پرسش را مطرح می‌کنند که نگرانی‌ها از وقوع یک حادثه هسته‌ای در اوکراین تا چه اندازه جدی است؟ در ادامه این مطلب سعی می‌کنیم به این

این روزها بسیاری در سراسر جهان رویدادهای اوکراین را با دقت دنبال می‌کنند و در میان بهت و حیرت از حمله نظامی گستردۀ روسیه به همسایه غربی خود، این پرسش را مطرح می‌کنند که نگرانی‌ها از وقوع یک حادثه هسته‌ای در اوکراین تا چه اندازه جدی است؟

در ادامه این مطلب سعی می‌کنیم به این پرسش‌ پاسخ دهیم.

نگاهی به نیروگاه‌های هسته‌ای فعال در اوکراین

اوکراین کشوری است که به شدت به انرژی هسته‌ای وابسته است. این کشور دارای ۱۵ رآکتور هسته‌ای است که حدود نیمی از برق مورد نیاز کشور را تامین می‌کنند. همۀ رآکتورهای فعال کنونی نیز از نوع رآکتورهای VVER یا همان «رآکتور انرژی آبی‌-آبی» هستند که (مانند مدل رآکتور VVER استفاده شده در نیروگاه هسته‌ای بوشهر) توسط روسیه طراحی شده‌اند.

برنامه توسعه هسته‌ای اوکراین در سال ۱۹۷۰ میلادی با ساخت نیروگاه چرنوبیل آغاز شد؛ یعنی زمانی که این کشور بخشی از اتحاد جماهیر شوروی پیشین بود.

فعالیت‌های هسته‌ای اوکراین، پس از استقلال این کشور از اتحاد جماهیر شوروی نیز ادامه یافت و در پایان سال ۱۹۹۵ میلادی با اتصال واحد «زاپاروژه ۶» اوکراین به شبکه سراسری تولید برق این کشور، نیروگاه هسته‌ای زاپاروژه با ظرفیت خالص ۵۷۰۰ مگاوات برق، به بزرگترین نیروگاه هسته‌ای فعال در اروپا تبدیل گردید.

اوکراین همچنین تلاش کرد تا بتواند عمر مفید رآکتورهای روسی را که ۳۰ سال بود افزایش دهد و توانست با بازسازی‌هایی بر طول عمر بسیاری از آنها بیفزاید.

اوکراین همچنین در این زمینه با سرمایه گذاران آمریکایی وارد معامله شد و برای ساخت چهار نیروگاه با شرکت «وستینگهاوس» قراردادهایی را امضا کرد.

تا پیش از آغاز این جنگ، سوخت نیروگاه‌های هسته‌ای این کشور از سوی شرکت‌های روسی (TVEL) و آمریکایی (وستینگهاوس) تامین می‌شده است.

چه خطراتی در راه است؟

یکی از نگران‌های جدی کارشناسان در حال حاضر، ذوب‌ شدن سوخت هسته‌ای در قلب رآکتورهای اوکراین است؛ چیزی که به «core meltdown» مشهور است و ممکن است در نتیجۀ از کار افتادن ناگهانی سیستم خنک‌کننده و در نتیجه ایجاد حرارت زیاد در رآکتور بوجود آید.

دلیل وقوع چنین اتفاقی نیز حتی اگر حملۀ مستقیم به رآکتور نباشد، می‌تواند وقوع یک مشکل عملیاتی آنهم در میانۀ جنگ و درگیری باشد.

کارشناسان می‌گویند اگرچه رآکتورهای موجود در نیروگاه‌های سراسر اوکراین دارای ایمنی بالایی هستند و از لایه‌های حفاظتی برای جلوگیری از ذوب فاجعه‌بار قلب رآکتور بهره‌مندند، اما در میانۀ جنگ تمام‌عیاری که ولادیمیر پوتین راه انداخته این خطر که در عملکرد این سیستم ایمنی و لایه‌ها نقصی بوجود آید بسیار بالاست.

پیش از این در دومین روز حمله روسیه به اوکراین نیز دریافت گزارش‌هایی مبنی بر افزایش تشعشعات در نیروگاه متروکۀ چرنوبیل، جایی که بقایای هسته رآکتور در زیر بتن مدفون شده، نگرانی‌های بسیاری را برانگیخت.

این نیروگاه که یک مرکز ذخیرۀ سوخت هسته‌ای نیز هست، هم اکنون در کنترل نیروهای روسی است و اوکسانا مارکارووا، سفیر اوکراین در واشنگتن هشدار داده است که اکنون مسئولیت نگهداری از این نیروگاه و کنترل وضعیت ایمنی آن، بر عهده روسیه است.

او همچنین نیروهای روسیه را متهم کرد که ۹۲ پرسنل این نیروگاه را به گروگان گرفته‌اند و ممکن است در فعالیت آنها و دسترسی کارکنان به بخش‌های مختلف نیروگاه خلل ایجاد کنند.

مقامات نظارتی اوکراین بعدا توضیح دادند که افزایش تشعشعات در نیروگاه چرنوبیل، احتمالا در نتیجه حضور و رفت و آمد زیاد خودروهای نظامی در آن منطقه بوده که باعث بلند شدن خاک آنجا که هنوز در اثر انفجار رآکتور سال ۱۹۸۶ آلوده است، شده است.

آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی نیز اعلام کرد که بررسی‌های دوباره حاکی از پایین بودن میزان این تشعشعات است و در حال حاضر خطری متوجه مردم نیست؛ با این وجود در بیانیه این نهاد آمده است که آژانس از نزدیک رآکتورهای اوکراین را زیر نظر دارد و رافائل گروسی، مدیرکل آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی «به شدت نگران است».

شش رآکتور اوکراین در نیروگاه هسته‌ای شهر «ژاپوریژیا» هستند که بسیار به منطقۀ استقرار هزاران نیروی روس نزدیکند.

اگرچه تنظیم کننده هسته‌ای اوکراین به آژانس اطمینان داده که در حال حاضر همه رآکتورها به طور ایمن مشغول به کارند، اما پیشروی نیروهای روسیه به سمت این مناطق قابل توجه است.

حمله مستقیم به نیروگاه همچنان بعید به نظر می‌رسد، اما کارشناسان هشدار می‌دهند که اگر کسی یا عاملی مانع از ادامه فعالیت پرسنل در تاسیسات هسته‌ای شود و اگر در عملیات خنک سازی مداوم میله‌های سوخت وقفه‌ای ایجاد شود، ممکن است فاجعه‌ای روی دهد.

ماریانا بوجرین، پژوهشگر اوکراینی فعال در پروژه مدیریت اتم دانشگاه هاروارد می‌گوید: «همه چیز ممکن است؛ به‌ویژه آنکه من شک دارم این نیروگاه‌ها برای رویارویی با یک تهاجم تمام عیار آماده شده باشند. در میانۀ یک درگیری آنهم در مقیاس بزرگ، ممکن است هر اتفاقی روی دهد؛ آن هم اتفاقی که رویه‌های ایمنیِ حتی بسیار قوی، برای مقابله با آن کافی نباشند.»

کارشناسان می‌گویند حتی خاموش کردن راکتورها را نیز نمی‌توان یک راه حل موثر دانست زیرا به گفته جیمز اکتون، یکی از مدیران برنامه سیاست هسته‌ای در بنیاد کارنگی «حتی اگر راکتور را خاموش کرده باشید، باز هم مقداری سوخت رادیواکتیو وجود دارد که در هسته آن گرما تولید می‌کند و بنابراین باید در این سیستم به طور مداوم عملیات خنک‌سازی انجام شود.»

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